1st Edition

Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices

By Anil Aggrawal Copyright 2009
    438 Pages 10 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    From sexual abuse and fetishism to necrophilia and sadomasochism, this unique volume identifies fourteen classifications of unusual sexual pathologies. Emphasizing the physical and psychological aspects of sexuality itself, the book presents detailed comparisons of legal and medical definitions, historical aspects, current incidence, and geographical prevalence of these offenses. It also explores the potential causes, discussing etiological theories and reviewing psychopathology. Highlighting the cross-cultural nature of the forensic aspects of human sexuality, the book examines various case studies in the context of international legislation. It also covers minor aberrant behavior such as coprolalia and troilism.

    SEXUAL CRIMES AND UNUSUAL SEXUAL PRACTICES—AN OVERVIEW

    Introduction

    Definitions

    What is Normal Sexual Behavior?

    Sex and Gender

    Intersexuality

    Sexual Orientation

    Nonstandard Genders

    Gender Role and Gender Identity

    Sexual Identity

    Sexual Minority

    Sex Addiction

    Objective Criteria of Sexual Deviation

    Historical perspectives

    DSM Classification of paraphilia

    International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

    Other classifications

    Sadoff’s classification

    Rosenham and Seligman’s Classification

    Freund, Seto, and Kuban’s Classificatio

    John Money’s Classification

    (1) Sacrificial Paraphilias

    (2) Predatory Paraphilias

    (3) Mercantile Paraphilias

    (4) Fetishistic Paraphilias

    (5) Eligibility Paraphilias

    (6) Allurement Paraphilias

    Freeman’s Classification

    Shaffer and Penn’s Classification

    Miscellaneous Classifications

    Precontact and Contact Paraphilias

    Consensual and Nonconsensual Paraphilias

    Etiology

    Voluntary Choice

    Freud’s Libido Theory

    Biological Theories

    Frontal and Temporal Lobe Lesions

    Hippocampal Pathology

    Neurodevelopmental or environmental stressors

    Monoamine Hypothesis

    Head Injury

    Conditioning and Imprinting

    Classical Conditioning

    Operant Conditioning

    IRMs and Imprinting

    John Money’s Lovemap theory

    How are Lovemaps Formed?

    Vandalized Lovemaps

    Miscellaneous Theories

    Epidemiology

    Prevalence and Incidence

    Combinations

    Age

    Sex

    Race

    Mortality/Morbidity

    Relationship with Alcohol and Drugs

    Co-existence with Other Disorders

    Other Significant Features

    Sex offenders

    Offender characteristics

    Clinical and laboratory assessment of paraphiliacs and sex offenders

    Clinical Interview

    Behavioral Assessment and Measurement

    Psycho-physiological Assessment

    Penile Plethysmography or Phallometry

    Polygraph Assessments

    Visual Reaction Time

    Pupillometry

    Management

    Pharmacological treatment

    Antiandrogens

    Miscellaneous Drugs

    Paraphilic prevention

    PEDOPHILIA AND CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE

    Introduction

    Proponents of Pedophilia

    Historical perspectives

    Pedophilia v. Child molestation and Child sexual abuse

    Etiology

    Biological Theories

    The Role of Hormones

    Fronto-temporal Disorders

    Neurodevelopmental Perturbations

    Miscellaneous Brain Anomalies

    Unfulfilled Sexual Needs

    Conditioning

    Miscellaneous Causes

    Prevalence and incidence

    Satanism and Ritual Sex Abuse

    Offender characteristics

    Victim characteristics

    Sequelae

    Diagnosis/Investigation

    Medical Examination

    Management

    Legal Aspects

    HIV/STDs and Child Sexual Abuse

    Recovered Memory

    Legal Provisions against child sexual abuse in some select jurisdictions

    Australia

    Western Australia

    The Northern Territory

    New South Wales

    Canada

    Germany

    United Kingdom

    USA

    Arkansas

    California

    TRANSVESTIC FETISHISM

    Introduction

    Classification

    Class I Transvestites

    Class II Transvestites

    Class III Transvestites

    Class IV Transvestites

    Class V Transvestites

    Historical perspectives

    Transvestism in Prehistory, Legend, and Mythology

    Greco-Roman Era

    The Case of Chevalier d’Eon

    Modern Era

    Etiology

    Psychoanalytic Theories

    Biological Theories

    Iatrogenesis

    Epidemiology

    Prevalence and Incidence

    Other Significant Characteristics

    Management

    Legal Aspects

    Suicide by Transvestites

    United States

    Transvestism and Disability Law

    Endnotes

    EXHIBITIONISM

    Introduction

    Historical perspectives

    Medieval Times

    Behaviors mimicking Exhibitionism

    Anasyrma

    Candaulism

    Mooning

    Nudism

    Streaking

    Zoophilic Exhibitionism

    Exhibitionism or Indecent Exposure?

    Etiology

    Courtship Disorder Theory

    Biological Factors

    Conditioning

    Psychoanalytical Theories

    Classification

    Class I Exhibitionists: Fantasizing Exhibitionists

    Class II Exhibitionists: Pure Exhibitionists

    Class III Exhibitionists: Exhibitionistic Criminals

    Class IV Exhibitionists: Exclusive Exhibitionists

    Prevalence

    Offender characteristics

    Onset

    Association with Gilles de la Tourette’s Syndrome

    Family Background

    Female Exhibitionists

    Exhibitionism and Pedophilia

    Management

    Legal Aspects

    Australia

    The Northern Territory

    Queensland

    Canada

    China

    Germany

    Hungary

    Iceland

    India

    Japan

    New Zealand

    Romania

    Sweden

    United Kingdom

    United States

    Alabama

    Alaska

    Arkansas

    California

    Iowa

    Rhode Island

    Wisconsin

    Endnotes

    FETISHISM

    Introduction

    Partialism

    Historical perspectives

    Etiology

    Classic Conditioning

    Operant Conditioning

    Psychoanalytical Theories

    Biological Theories

    Phylogenetic Considerations

    Frontal and Temporal Lobe Lesions

    Neuronal Cross-links

    Genetic Factors

    Miscellaneous Explanations

    Prevalence

    Animal models of fetishistic behavior

    Offender characteristics

    Classification

    Class I Fetishists: Desirers

    Class II Fetishists: Cravers

    Class III Fetishists: Moderate Level Fetishists

    Class IV Fetishists: High Level Fetishists

    Types of fetishes

    Fetish Subculture

    Garment Fetishism

    Shoes

    Diaper

    Leather and Latex

    Second Skin Fetishism

    Management

    Legal Aspects

    Canada

    India

    UK

    Endnotes

    VOYEURISM

    Introduction

    Historical perspectives

    Etiology

    Conditioning

    Classification

    Class I Voyeurs: Pseudovoyeurs

    Class II Voyeurs: Opportunistic Voyeurs

    Class III Voyeurs: Computer Voyeurs

    Class IV Voyeurs: Video Voyeurs

    Class V Voyeurs: Classical Voyeurs

    Class VI Voyeurs: Criminal Voyeurs

    Prevalence

    Variations of voyeurism

    Video Voyeurism

    Downblousing

    Upskirting

    Zoophilic Voyeurism

    Offender characteristics

    Management

    Legal Aspects

    Australia

    Queensland

    Canada

    India

    United Kingdom

    United States

    Video Voyeurism

    Voyeurism and Disability Law

    Arkansas

    Indiana

    Rhode Island

    Washington

    Endnotes

    SEXUAL MASOCHISM

    Introduction

    Historical perspectives

    Flagellation as a Masochistic Practice

    Modern Era

    Etiology

    Biological theories

    Endorphins

    Dopamine

    Evolutionary Theories

    Sexual Torture as Enhancer of Fertility

    Pain as Enhancer of Immune System

    Psychoanalytical Theories

    Prevalence

    Characteristics

    Classification

    Class I Sexual Masochists

    Class II Sexual Masochists

    Class III Sexual Masochists

    Class IV Sexual Masochists

    Legal Aspects

    Validity of Consent

    R v. Coney (1882)

    R. v. Donovan (1934)

    Reg. v. McCoy (1953)

    People v. Samuels (1967)

    When is the Consent to Suffer Bodily Harm Legally Valid?

    Why is Consent to Suffer Bodily Harm in S/M Activities Not Valid?

    R. v. Brown ([1993] 2 All England Law Reports 75)

    Operation Spanner

    Rulings by the Lower Courts and House of Lords

    Laskey, Jaggard, and Brown v. United Kingdom, 24 Eur. H.R. Rep. 39 (1997)

    Aftermath

    Other Illustrative Cases

    R v. Wilson (1996

    Norway

    SEXUAL SADISM

    Introduction

    Sadism and Masochism

    Sadism Directed Towards Specific Groups

    Anal, Oral and Phallic Sadism

    Sexual Sadism Contrasted with Sadism

    Historical perspectives

    India

    China

    Rome

    Middle Ages

    Modern Era

    Etiology

    Early Speculations

    Brain Abnormalities

    Endocrine Abnormalities

    Other Factors

    Prevalence

    Offender characteristics

    Alcoholism and Drug Abuse

    Co-existence with Other Paraphilias

    Disturbances in Gender Identity

    Narcissism

    Classification

    Class I Sexual Sadists

    Class II Sexual Sadists

    Class III Sexual Sadists

    Class IV Sexual Sadists

    Types of Sadistic Behavior

    Legal Aspects

    Commonwealth v. Appleby (1980)

    Iowa v. Collier (1985)

    People v. Jovanovic (1999)

    Norway

    Endnotes

    FROTTEURISM

    Introduction

    Frotteurism v. Molestation

    Frotteurism v. Frottage

    Zoophilic Frotteurism

    Chikan

    Historical perspectives

    Etiology

    Classification

    Class I Frotteurs: Fantasizing Frotteurs

    Class II Frotteurs: Consensual Frotteurs

    Class III Frotteurs: Romantic Frotteurs

    Class IV Frotteurs: Exclusive Frotteurs

    Epidemiology

    Offender characteristics

    Case Law

    State Of Iowa v. Timothy Hodges (2004)

    Legal Aspects

    Australia

    Western Australia

    New South Wales

    China

    Iceland

    India

    Malaysia

    Romania

    USA

    Alabama

    Arkansas

    Washington

    Wisconsin

    Endnotes

    Appendix 1– Ages of Consent for Sexual Intercourse in Different Countries

    Notes on U.S. laws

    Endnotes

    RAPE

    Introduction

    Historical perspectives

    Etiology of rape and rapist typology

    Incidence

    Offender characteristics

    Rape Index

    Use of coercion

    Use of deception and fraud

    Sexual Intercourse Presented as a Genuine Treatment

    Sexual Intercourse Presented as Genuine Treatment

    Ambiguously Sexual Touching

    Impersonation

    Sexual Scams

    Sexual Theft

    Other Issues Involving Consent

    Mens Rea

    Sexual Intercourse with People Having Intellectual Disabilities (ID)

    Difference between Consent and Submission

    Rape variations

    Acquaintance Rape

    Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault

    Gang Rape

    Incest Rape

    Male Rape

    Marital Rape

    Prison Rape

    Secondary Rape

    Serial Rape

    Psychological sequelae

    Rape Trauma Syndrome

    Other Sequelae

    Investigation of rape

    Medical Examination of the Victim

    Steps of Examination

    Informed Consent

    Breast Swab

    Post Exposure Prophylaxis

    Rape Kit

    SAKiTA

    Medical Examination of the Offender

    Physical Evidence at the Crime Lab

    Detection of Semen

    DNA

    Time Since Intercourse

    Miscellaneous Techniques

    Legal aspects

    Legal Definitions of Sexual Intercourse and Rape

    Traditional Definitions

    Current Definitions

    Is Emission Necessary to Constitute an Offence of Rape?

    Rape Shield Laws

    Age of Consent

    HIV/STDs and Rape

    Requiring Blood for HIV Testing of a Rapist Does Not Violate his Fourth

    Amendment Rights

    Disclosure of HIV Status of a Rapist Does Not Prejudice a Jury

    Prisoner’s HIV Status

    Miscellaneous Legal Aspects

    Rape laws in various countries

    Australia

    Western Australia

    South Australia

    Queensland

    Austria

    Canada

    China

    India

    Ireland

    Namibia

    New Zealand

    Norway

    Russia

    Spain

    UK

    USA

    Alabama

    Alaska

    Arkansas

    Louisiana

    Endnotes

    ZOOPHILIA AND BESTIALITY

    Introduction

    Zoophilia and DSM

    Historical perspectives

    Bestiality in Mythology and Folklore

    Bestiality in Hinduism

    Bestiality in the Bible

    Prehistoric Times

    Greco-Roman Period

    Other Civilizations

    Middle Ages

    Modern Era

    Etiology

    Sadomasochistic Theories

    Familial Upbringing

    Triune Brain Theory

    Complication of Drug Therapy

    Miscellaneous Causes

    Prevalence

    Classification of zoophilic behavior

    Classification of zoosexuals

    Class I Zoosexuals: Human Animal Role-players

    Class II Zoosexuals: Romantic Zoophiles

    Class III Zoosexuals: Animal Fetishists

    Class IV Zoosexuals: True Zoophiles

    Class V Zoosexuals: Opportunistic Bestials

    Class VI Zoosexuals: Exclusive Bestials

    Class VII Zoosexuals: Necrobestials and Zoosadists

    Some Illustrative Cases

    Rex v. Cozins

    Ausman v. Veal

    Khandu v. Emperor

    Medical Aspects

    Zoonoses

    Other Medical Conditions and Injuries

    Legal Aspects

    Australia

    Northern Territory

    South Australia

    Queensland

    New South Wales

    Tasmania

    Victoria

    Canada

    China

    Germany

    Hungary

    India

    Criminal Law

    Civil Law

    UK

    United States

    Arkansas

    California

    Indiana

    Wisconsin

    Endnotes

    SEXUAL HARASSMENT

    Introduction

    Historical Perspectives

    Early Cases of Sexual Harassment

    Williams v. Saxbe

    Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson

    EEOC v. Mitsubishi Motor Manufacturing

    Sexual Harassment Involving Public Figures

    Anita Hill and Justice Clarence Thomas

    Paula Corbin Jones and Bill Clinton

    Anna Richardson and Arnold Schwarzenegger

    Moshe Katsav

    Same-Sex Sexual Harassment

    Classification of sexual harassment

    Legal Classification

    Behavioral Classification

    Prevalence and incidence

    Offender characteristics

    Actions Held to be Sexual Harassment

    Legal Aspects

    India

    Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan

    Rupan Deol Bajaj v. Kanwar Pal Singh Gill

    Apparel Export Promotion Council v. A.K.Chopra

    The Sexual Harassment of Women at Work Place Bill, 2006

    Poland

    Romania

    United States

    Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools, 503 U.S. 60 (1992)

    Endnotes

    NECROPHILIA

    Introduction

    Necrosadism

    Necrophilia in Gravediggers and Mortuary Attendants

    Historical perspectives

    Necrophilia in Greek Mythology

    Necrophilia in Ancient Cultures

    Greco-Roman Period

    Middle Ages

    Modern Era

    Necrophilia in animals

    Necrophilia and intelligence

    Variations of Necrophilia

    Etiology

    Biological Theories

    Psychoanalytical Theories

    Miscellaneous Causes

    Classification

    Class I Necrophiliacs: Role Players

    Class II Necrophiliacs: Romantic Necrophiles

    Class III Necrophiliacs: People Having a Necrophilic Fantasy

    Class IV Necrophiliacs: People Having a Fetishistic Necrophilia

    Class V Necrophiliacs: People Having a Necromutilomania

    Class VI Necrophiliacs: Opportunistic Necrophiliacs

    Class VII Necrophiliacs: Regular Necrophiliacs

    Class VIII Necrophiliacs: Homicidal Necrophiliacs

    Class IX Necrophiliacs: Exclusive Necrophiles

    Prevalence

    Offender characteristics

    Age

    Sex

    Intelligence

    Sexual Orientation

    Sex of the Corpses

    Marital Status

    History of Sadistic Acts

    Nonnecrophilic Intercourse

    Case Studies

    Nicholas and Alexander Grunke, and Dustin Radke

    Moninder Singh Pandher and Surendra Koli

    Medico legal Investigation

    Legal Aspects

    Australia

    Western Australia

    Northern Territory

    New South Wales

    Tasmania

    Victoria

    Canada

    France

    Germany

    India

    United Kingdom

    United States

    Alabama

    Alaska

    Arkansas

    California

    Connecticut

    Georgia

    Iowa

    Indiana

    Washington

    Wisconsin

    Comparing and Contrasting Various Laws Regarding Necrophilia

    Endnotes

    INCEST

    Introduction

    Incest taboo

    Historical perspectives

    The Bible

    Ancient Civilizations

    Royal Dynasties

    Recommendation of Incest

    Modern Era

    Etiology

    Psychoanalytic Theories

    Other Factors

    Prevalence

    Victim characteristics

    Inbreeding co-efficient

    Some Illustrative Cases

    Muth v. Frank

    Aizawa v. Japan

    Medical Aspects

    Legal Aspects

    Australia

    South Australia

    Northern Territory

    Queensland

    New South Wales

    Tasmania

    Canada

    Germany

    Hungary

    India

    Civil law

    Criminal law

    Ireland

    Norway

    Romania

    USA

    Alabama

    Alaska

    Louisiana

    Endnotes

    TELEPHONE SCATOLOGIA

    Introduction

    Historical perspectives

    Telephone Scatologia Involving Public Figures

    Etiology

    Pure Random and Opportunistic

    Sexual Terrorism against Women

    Displaced Aggression

    Obscene Phone Calls as Aural Rape

    Contributory Factors

    Prevalence

    Offender and victim characteristics

    Types of Obscene Phone Callers

    Class I Telephone Scatologists: Telephone Masturbators

    Class II Telephone Scatologists: Tricksters

    Class III Telephone Scatologists: Ingratiating Seducer

    Class IV Telephone Scatologists: Shock caller

    Class V Telephone Scatologists: Annoyance Creator

    Class VI Telephone Scatologists: Panic Creator

    Some Illustrative Cases

    The Gault Decision

    State v. Vines

    Legal Aspects

    Australia

    Northern Territory

    India

    New Zealand

    UK

    USA

    Alabama

    Connecticut

    Endnotes

    TRANSSEXUALISM

    Introduction

    Is transsexualism a paraphilia

    Historical perspectives

    Etiology

    Hard-wired within the Brain

    Complex Family Dynamics

    Two Special Oddities in the Male Transsexual

    Classification

    Benjamin’s Classification

    Other Classifications

    Stoller’s Classification

    Person and Ovesey’s Classification

    Classification Proposed in DSM-III

    Epidemiology

    Management

    Legal Aspects

    Recommendations of the Council of Europe

    Illustrative Cases

    X, Y, & Z v. United Kingdom (1997)

    Endnotes

    MISCELLANEOUS SEXUAL CRIMES AND PERVERSIONS

    Introduction

    Anal eroticism

    Autoerotic asphyxia

    Incidence and Prevalence

    Medico Legal Aspects

    Battered wife syndrome

    Coprolalia

    Coprophilia

    Clinical Vampirism

    Klismaphilia

    Mutilomania

    Mysophilia

    Partialism

    Piquerism

    Pyrolagnia

    Urophilia

    Vomerophilia

    Wife-swapping

    Miscellaneous

    Legal Aspects

    Endnotes

    Appendix 1: A comprehensive list of paraphilias

    Appendix 2: Glossary

    Appendix 3: Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices – A brief chronology

    Biography

    Anil Aggrawal

    This is a quite remarkable book. For the first time an authoritative text for medical, psychiatric, psychological, forensic, and legal professionals has been written which addresses both the clinical and legal dimensions of the paraphilias. Dr. Aggrawal deftly brings to bear his 25 years of interest and knowledge of sexual deviancy and sex crimes in an authoritative and comprehensive textbook. The book generally follows the organization of the DSM paraphilias, and elucidates in separate chapters their respective definitions, etiology, history, epidemiology, medical characteristics, management, and legal understanding in various U.S. jurisdictions and other selective countries. One of the most enjoyable aspects of this book is Dr. Aggrawal’s grasp of ancient references concerning the paraphilias in both religious and historical texts, and his illustrations through the selective use of contemporary clinical and legal cases. The book also contains well-written chapters on rape and sexual harassment, and a comprehensive appendix of paraphilias, no less than 547 cited in the scientific and lay literature. ... this book will likely become a fixture in most forensic libraries… .
    —J. Reid Meloy, Ph.D. writing in American Academy Journal of Forensic Sciences January 2010, Vol. 55, No. 1

    This is a useful source book which describes a wide spectrum of sexual practices and differentiates between those which are illegal (with helpful comparisons between national jurisdictions and legal codes), those which may escalate to that category, and those that merely push the boundaries of what any particular society or time would deem "normal". … makes interesting reading, especially in its wide ranging exploration of paraphilias and may be a useful reference for those working in the field of both sexual offences and psychosexual therapy.
    —Caroline M. Jones, Forensic Physician, writing in Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine September 2010